How Does Regenerative Braking Work?
Every vehicle on the road needs two basic things: something to make it go, and something to make it stop. For over a century, the internal combustion engine (ICE) used by gasoline-powered cars has filled the first need, while wasteful friction brakes have met the latter. One way that electric vehicles (EVs) really stand out is that they can hit both targets with one shot: The same electric motor that makes an EV go can also pull double duty as a generator, helping to slow the vehicle while also banking extra electricity in a process that’s known as regenerative braking.
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What Is Regenerative Braking?
Regenerative braking is a descriptive term that means exactly what it says. When regenerative brakes are activated, the vehicle slows down while also regenerating some of the electricity that was originally used to accelerate it. That electricity is fed back into the batteries, where it’s available to accelerate the vehicle again in the future.
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This is different from traditional brakes that generate nothing but heat and noise when slowing a vehicle. Unlike ICE vehicles that only use traditional brakes, EVs make use of both traditional and regenerative braking.How Does This Kind of Braking Work?
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When you use the regenerative brakes in an EV, the electric motor that’s normally responsible for accelerating the vehicle switches over to work as a generator. Instead of taking electricity from the batteries and using it to rotate the wheels and accelerate the vehicle, the generator uses the forward momentum of the vehicle and continued rotation of the wheels to generate electricity that can then be stored in the batteries. In addition to charging the batteries, this process also slows the vehicle.
Unlike traditional brakes, which only activate when you push on the brake pedal, regenerative brakes often kick in the moment you lift your foot off the accelerator pedal. This process is more pronounced in some vehicles than others, so lifting your foot off an EV accelerator pedal can even result in aggressive braking in some vehicles.
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Every EV is a little bit different in how it uses its braking systems. Some EVs are designed to be driven without ever touching the brake pedal, with the regenerative brakes kicking in whenever you ease off the accelerator pedal, and more aggressive braking occurring if you take your foot off the accelerator pedal altogether. Other vehicles use a milder form of regenerative braking where aggressive braking only occurs when you push on the brake pedal, and some allow you to switch between different modes.
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Why EVs Use Regenerative Brakin
The main purpose of regenerative braking is to increase efficiency and range. Without regenerative braking, an EV is limited by the amount of charge that’s stored in the car’s battery the moment you unplug it and start driving. With regenerative braking, the vehicle can keep producing additional power beyond what was stored in the battery.
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That’s because some of the battery power that’s expended to accelerate the vehicle is recaptured and stored whenever the vehicle slows or stops, and that power can be used later to accelerate the vehicle again. All of these actions work to give an EV extended range, even if it’s just a little bit here or there.
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In addition to making an EV more efficient and extending its range, regenerative braking also has another beneficial byproduct: reduced pollution. While EVs do come equipped with traditional brakes, they’re used far less than they would be in a comparable ICE vehicle. That means they don’t have to be serviced as often, and they generate far less brake dust. Since brake dust contributes to air pollution and can lead to respiratory complications when inhaled, according to Science Daily, it seems the less of it there is, the better.
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Why EVs Still Use Traditional Brakes
While EVs are designed to use regenerative brakes in a variety of situations, even stop-and-go traffic, every EV comes equipped with a traditional braking system as well. This second braking system brings additional stopping power in emergencies, and it also takes over in certain situations, like when an EV is stationary and needs to remain stationary.
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Another example involves full stops. Some EVs use the regenerative brakes to bring the vehicle to a stop, and then automatically engage the traditional brakes to keep the vehicle in place until it’s time to move again. There is almost no wear on the traditional brake system when it’s used in that manner, and no brake dust is generated.
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